Ovarian Cancer
What is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian
cancer begins in a woman's ovaries. The ovaries are part of a woman's
reproductive system. There are two, located on each side of the uterus. They are
almond-shaped and are about one-and-one-half inches long. Ovaries make eggs.
Every month, during ovulation, an egg is released from an ovary and travels to
the uterus via a fallopian tube.
Ovaries
are the primary source of women's sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, which
influences female characteristics including breast growth, body shape and body
hair. They also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
There
are three types of ovarian cancer:
Epithelial Carcinoma
Epithelial tumors make up 85% to 90% of ovarian cancers. They begin
in cells on the outer surface of the ovary. Because it is difficult to diagnose,
70% of ovarian cancers are not found until the disease has reached an advanced
stage and moved from the ovaries into another part of the body, most commonly
the abdomen.
Germ
Cell Tumors
This uncommon form of ovarian cancer develops in the
egg-producing cells of the ovary.
Stromal Tumors
This
rare form of ovarian cancer develops in the connective tissue cells that hold
the ovaries together, as well as those that produce female
hormones.
As we well know, there are many kinds of cancer; unfortunately they all come about because of the out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.
Ovarian epithelial cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer)
cells form in the tissue covering the ovary.
The ovaries are a pair of organs in the female reproductive
system. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the
uterus (the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows).
Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs
and female hormones (chemicals that control the way certain cells
or organs function).
Ovarian epithelial cancer is one type of cancer that affects
the ovary. (Refer to the PDQ treatment summaries on Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
and Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumors for information about other types
of ovarian cancer.)
Women who have a family history of ovarian cancer are at an increased risk
of developing ovarian cancer.
Women who have one first-degree relative (mother, daughter, or sister) with
ovarian cancer are at an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. This
risk is higher in women who have one first-degree relative and one second-degree
relative (grandmother or aunt) with ovarian cancer. This risk is even higher
in women who have two or more first-degree relatives with ovarian cancer.
Some ovarian cancers are caused by inherited gene mutations (changes).
The genes in cells carry the hereditary information that is
received from a person’s parents. Hereditary ovarian cancer makes up
approximately 5% to 10% of all cases of ovarian cancer. Three hereditary patterns
have been identified: ovarian cancer alone, ovarian and breast cancers, and
ovarian and colon cancers.
Tests that can detect altered genes have been developed. These genetic tests
are sometimes done for members of families with a high risk of cancer.
(Refer to the PDQ summaries on Screening for Ovarian Cancer, Prevention of
Ovarian Cancer, and Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer for more information.)
Women with an increased risk of ovarian cancer may consider surgery to prevent
it.
Some women who have an increased risk of ovarian cancer may choose to have
a prophylactic oophorectomy (the removal of healthy ovaries so that
cancer cannot grow in them). It is not known if this procedure prevents ovarian
cancer.
Ovarian cancer is hard to detect (find) early because usually there are no
symptoms.
Some women who have early stage ovarian cancer may have symptoms
such as vague gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort, pressure in the pelvis,
pain, swelling of the abdomen, and shortness of breath. Most of the
time, there are no symptoms or they are very mild. By the time symptoms do
appear, the cancer is usually advanced.
When found in its early stages, ovarian epithelial cancer can be cured in
many patients. Women with any stage of ovarian epithelial cancer should consider
taking part in a clinical trial.
Tests that examine the ovaries, pelvic area, blood, and ovarian tissue are
used to detect (find) and diagnose ovarian cancer.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
Certain factors affect treatment options and prognosis (chance of recovery).
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on
the following:
Healthy
Cells vs. Cancer Cells
Healthy cells are like a
cat. They need structure to
determine the size of bones and shape of the body, tail and whiskers. The DNA in
genes and chromosomes determine this. They need energy to play and prowl
and sustain life. This is derived from chemicals in food. Cats need a system to
deliver chemicals (food nutrients like amino acids, carbohydrates, fats,
vitamins and minerals) to all parts of their body. These are the blood
vessels. Growth factors take a kitten into
a lazy old cat, all the while helping it to function
normally.
The body and its cells are
mostly made up of protein. The building blocks of proteins are substances called
amino acids that in the form of enzymes and hormones literally control every
chemical reaction within the cells. When these are modified, different messages
are sent to a complex control system that can alter their function. There are
twenty different kinds of amino acids that are essential to life. Twelve of
these can be synthesized within the body however; eight must be supplied by the
daily diet.
|
Structure |
|
|
Normal
Cells |
Cancer
Cells |
|
DNA in genes and chromosomes go about their business in a normal
way. |
Cancer cells develop a different DNA or gene structure or acquire
abnormal numbers of chromosomes. |
|
Cells divide in an orderly way to produce more cells only when the
body needs them. |
Cells continue to be created without control or order.
If not needed, a mass of tissue is formed which is called a
tumor. |
|
Energy |
|
|
Normal
Cells |
Cancer
Cells |
|
Cells derive 70% of their energy from a system called the “Krebs
Cycle.” |
Cells have a defective “Krebs Cycle” and derive little or no energy
from it. |
|
Cells derive only 20% of their energy from a system called
“Glycolosis.” |
Cancer cells derive almost all their energy from
“Glycolosis.” |
|
Cells derive most of their energy with the use of
oxygen. |
Cells derive most of their energy in the absence of
oxygen. |
|
Blood
Vessels |
|
|
Normal
Cells |
Cancer
Cells |
|
Cells have a built-in blood vessel
system. |
Cells do not have a built-in blood vessel system.
They require more of certain amino acids to
grow. |
|
Growth
Factors |
|
|
Normal
Cells |
Cancer
Cells |
|
While similar to cancer cells, the amount of them is more in
balance to produce a more normal level of
activity. |
These cells have over produced, require more chemicals (food) and
are over active. |
|
Functions |
|
|
Normal
Cells |
Cancer
Cells |
|
The enzymes and hormones go about business in a normal balanced
manner. |
The enzymes and hormones are either over active or under
active. |
|
Tumors are
Different |
|
|
Benign |
Malignant |
|
Benign tumors are not cancerous. They do not invade
nearby tissues nor spread to other parts of the body. They can be
removed and are not a threat to life. |
Malignant tumors are cancerous. They can invade and
damage nearby tissues and organs and they can break away and enter the blood
stream to form new tumors in other parts of the body. The spread of cancer is
called metastasis. |
Prevention
Doctors can not always explain why one person gets cancer and another does
not. However, scientists have studied general patterns of cancer in the population
to learn what things around us and what things we do in our lives may increase
our chance of developing cancer.
Anything that increases a person’s chance of developing a disease is
called a risk factor; anything that decreases a person’s chance of developing
a disease is called a protective factor. Some of the risk factors for cancer
can be avoided, but many can not. For example, although you can choose to
quit smoking, you can not choose which genes you have inherited from your
parents. Both smoking and inheriting specific genes could be considered risk
factors for certain kinds of cancer, but only smoking can be avoided. Prevention
means avoiding the risk factors and increasing the protective factors that
can be controlled so that the chance of developing cancer decreases.
Although many risk factors can be avoided, it is important to keep in mind
that avoiding risk factors does not guarantee that you will not get cancer.
Also, most people with a particular risk factor for cancer do not actually
get the disease. Some people are more sensitive than others to factors that
can cause cancer. Talk to your doctor about methods of preventing cancer that
might be effective for you.
After ovarian epithelial cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find
out if cancer cells have spread within the ovaries or to other parts of the
body.
The process used to find out if cancer has spread within the ovary
or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered
from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is
important to know the stage in order to plan treatment.
An operation called a laparotomy is usually done to find out the stage
of the disease. A doctor must cut into the abdomen and carefully look
at all the organs to see if they contain cancer. The doctor will also
perform a biopsy (cut out small pieces of tissue so they can
be looked at under a microscope to see whether they contain cancer). Usually
the doctor will remove the cancer and organs that contain cancer during the
laparotomy.
The following stages are used for ovarian epithelial cancer:
Stage I
In stage I, cancer is found in one or both of the ovaries and has not
spread. Stage I is divided into stage IA, stage IB, and stage IC.
- Stage IA: Cancer is found in a single ovary.
- Stage IB: Cancer is found in both ovaries.
- Stage IC: Cancer is found in one or both ovaries and one of the following
is true:
- cancer is found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or
- the capsule (outer covering) of the tumor has ruptured (broken open); or
- cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).
In stage II, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread into other areas of the pelvis. Stage II is divided into stage IIA, stage IIB, and stage IIC.
- Stage IIA: Cancer has spread to the uterus and/or the fallopian tubes (the long slender tubes through which eggs pass from the ovaries to the uterus).
- Stage IIB: Cancer has spread to other tissue within the pelvis.
- Stage IIC: Cancer has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes and/or other tissue within the pelvis and cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).
In stage III, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread to other parts of the abdomen. Stage III is divided into stage IIIA, stage IIIB, and stage IIIC.
- Stage IIIA: The tumor is found only in the pelvis, but cancer cells have spread to the surface of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen).
- Stage IIIB: Cancer has spread to the peritoneum but is 2 centimeters or smaller in diameter.
- Stage IIIC: Cancer has spread to the peritoneum and is larger than 2 centimeters in diameter and/or has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen.
Stage IV
In stage IV, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has metastasized (spread) beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body. Cancer is found in the tissues of the liver.
There are different types of treatment for patients with ovarian epithelial cancer.
Different types of treatment are available for patients with ovarian epithelial cancer. Some treatments are standard, and some are being tested in clinical trials. Before starting treatment, patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the treatment currently used as standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment.
Four kinds of standard treatment are used. These include the following:
1. Surgery
Most patients have surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Different types of surgery may include:
- Hysterectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the uterus and cervix. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through the vagina, the operation is called a vaginal hysterectomy. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through a large incision (cut) in the abdomen, the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through a small incision (cut) in the abdomen using a laparoscope, the operation is called a total laparoscopic hysterectomy.
- Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: A surgical procedure to remove one ovary and one fallopian tube.
- Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: A surgical procedure to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
- Omentectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the omentum (a piece of the tissue lining the abdominal wall).
- Lymph node biopsy: The removal of all or part of a lymph node. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Some women receive a treatment called intraperitoneal radiation therapy, in which radioactive liquid is put directly in the abdomen through a catheter.
3. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the spinal column, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Stage I Ovarian Epithelial Cancer
Treatment of stage I ovarian epithelial cancer may include the following:
- Hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy. Lymph nodes and other tissues in the pelvis and abdomen are removed and examined under the microscope to look for cancer cells.
- Hysterectomy, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy. Lymph nodes and other tissues in the pelvis and abdomen are removed and examined under the microscope to look for cancer cells.
- Internal or external radiation therapy.
- Chemotherapy.
- Watchful waiting (closely monitoring a patient’s condition without giving any treatment until symptoms appear or change).
- A clinical trial.
Treatment of stage II ovarian epithelial cancer may be surgery to remove the tumor, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy. Lymph nodes and other tissues in the pelvis and abdomen are removed and examined under the microscope to look for cancer cells.
After surgery, treatment may include the following:
- Combination chemotherapy and internal or external radiation therapy.
- Combination chemotherapy alone.
- A clinical trial.
Treatment of stage III and stage IV ovarian epithelial cancer may be surgery to remove the tumor, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy.
After surgery, treatment may include the following:
- Combination chemotherapy.
- Combination chemotherapy followed by second-look surgery (surgery performed after the initial surgery to determine whether tumor cells remain).
- A clinical trial.
Treatment of recurrent ovarian epithelial cancer may include the following:
- Chemotherapy with or without surgery.
- A clinical trial of chemotherapy or biologic therapy (treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer).
Germ cell tumors begin in the reproductive cells (egg or sperm) of the body. Ovarian germ cell tumors usually occur in teenage girls or young women and most often affect just one ovary.
The ovaries are a pair of organs in the female reproductive system. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus (the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows). Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs and female hormones (chemicals that control the way certain cells or organs function).
Ovarian germ cell tumor is a general name that is used to describe several different types of cancer. The most common ovarian germ cell tumor is called dysgerminoma.
Possible signs of ovarian germ cell tumor are swelling of the abdomen or vaginal bleeding after menopause.
Ovarian germ cell tumors can be difficult to diagnose (find) early. Often there are no symptoms in the early stages, but tumors may be found during regular gynecologic examinations (checkups). A woman who has swelling of the abdomen without weight gain in other places should see a doctor. A woman who no longer has menstrual periods (who has gone through menopause) should also see a doctor if she has bleeding from the vagina.
Tests that examine the ovaries, pelvic area, blood, and ovarian tissue are used to detect (find) and diagnose ovarian germ cell tumor.
The following tests and procedures may be used:
- Pelvic exam: An exam of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. The doctor or nurse inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and the other hand is placed over the lower abdomen to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. A speculum is also inserted into the vagina and the doctor or nurse looks at the vagina and cervix for signs of disease. A Pap test or Pap smear of the cervix is usually done. The doctor or nurse also inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or abnormal areas.
- Laparotomy: A surgical procedure in which an incision (cut) is made in the wall of the abdomen to check the inside of the abdomen for signs of disease. The size of the incision depends on the reason the laparotomy is being done. Sometimes organs are removed or tissue samples are taken for biopsy.
- Lymphangiogram: A procedure used to x-ray the lymph system. A dye is injected into the lymph vessels in the feet. The dye travels upward through the lymph nodes and lymph vessels, and x-rays are taken to see if there are any blockages. This test helps find out whether cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.
- CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. The pictures are made by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
- Blood tests: Tests to measure the levels of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the blood. AFP and HCG are substances that may be signs of ovarian germ cell tumor when found at increased levels.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
- The type of cancer.
- The size of the tumor.
- The stage of cancer (whether it affects part of the ovary, involves the whole ovary, or has spread to other places in the body).
- The way the cancer cells look under a microscope.
- The patient’s general health.
After ovarian germ cell tumor has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells have spread within the ovary or to other parts of the body.
The process used to find out whether cancer has spread within the ovary or to other parts of the body is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is important to know the stage in order to plan treatment. Certain tests are used in the staging process.
Many of the tests used to diagnose ovarian germ cell tumor are also used to determine the stage of the disease. Unless a doctor is sure the cancer has spread from the ovaries to other parts of the body, surgery is required to determine the stage of cancer in an operation called a laparotomy. The doctor must cut into the abdomen and carefully look at all the organs to see if they contain cancer. The doctor will cut out small pieces of tissue and look at them under a microscope to see whether they contain cancer. The doctor may also wash the abdominal cavity with fluid and then look at the fluid under a microscope to see if it contains cancer cells. Usually the doctor will remove the cancer and other organs that contain cancer during the laparotomy.
The following stages are used for ovarian germ cell tumors:
Stage I
In stage I, cancer is found in one or both of the ovaries and has not spread. Stage I is divided into stage IA, stage IB, and stage IC.
- Stage IA: Cancer is found in a single ovary.
- Stage IB: Cancer is found in both ovaries.
- Stage IC: Cancer is found in one or both ovaries and one of the following
is true:
- cancer is found on the outside surface of one or both ovaries; or
- the capsule (outer covering) of the tumor has ruptured (broken open); or
- cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).
In stage II, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread into other areas of the pelvis. Stage II is divided into stage IIA, stage IIB, and stage IIC.
- Stage IIA: Cancer has spread to the uterus and/or the fallopian tubes (the long slender tubes through which eggs pass from the ovaries to the uterus).
- Stage IIB: Cancer has spread to other tissue within the pelvis.
- Stage IIC: Cancer has spread to the uterus and/or fallopian tubes and/or other tissue within the pelvis and cancer cells are found in the fluid of the peritoneal cavity (the body cavity that contains most of the organs in the abdomen) or in washings of the peritoneum (tissue lining the peritoneal cavity).
In stage III, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has spread to other parts of the abdomen. Stage III is divided into stage IIIA, stage IIIB, and stage IIIC as follows:
- Stage IIIA: The tumor is found only in the pelvis, but cancer cells have spread to the surface of the peritoneum (tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen).
- Stage IIIB: Cancer has spread to the peritoneum but is 2 centimeters or smaller in diameter.
- Stage IIIC: Cancer has spread to the peritoneum and is larger than 2 centimeters in diameter and/or has spread to lymph nodes in the abdomen.
Stage IV
In stage IV, cancer is found in one or both ovaries and has metastasized (spread) beyond the abdomen to other parts of the body. Cancer is found in the tissues of the liver.
There are different types of treatment for patients with ovarian germ cell tumors.
Different types of treatment are available for patients with ovarian germ cell tumor. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. Before starting treatment, patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country.
Four types of standard treatment are used:
1. Surgery
Surgery is the most common treatment of ovarian germ cell tumor. A doctor may take out the cancer using one of the following types of surgery.
- Unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: A surgical procedure to remove one ovary and one fallopian tube.
- Total hysterectomy: A surgical procedure to remove the uterus, including the cervix. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through the vagina, the operation is called a vaginal hysterectomy. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through a large incision (cut) in the abdomen, the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through a small incision (cut) in the abdomen using a laparoscope, the operation is called a total laparoscopic hysterectomy.
- Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: A surgical procedure to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
- Tumor debulking: A surgical procedure in which as much of the tumor as possible is removed. Some tumors may not be able to be completely removed.
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping the cells from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly in the spinal column, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas. The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
3. Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells. There are two types of radiation therapy. External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer. The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.
Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the operation, some patients may be offered chemotherapy or radiation after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after the surgery to increase the chances of a cure is called adjuvant therapy.
Following radiation or chemotherapy, an operation called a second-look laparotomy is sometimes done. This is similar to the laparotomy that is done to determine the stage of the cancer. During the second-look operation, the doctor will take samples of lymph nodes and other tissues in the abdomen to see if any cancer is left.
Early Stage Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumors (Stage I/II)
Surgery is the standard treatment for early stage ovarian low malignant potential tumor. The type of surgery usually depends on whether a woman plans to have children.
For women who plan to have children, surgery is either:
- unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; or
- partial oophorectomy.
For women who do not plan to have children, treatment may be:
- hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
Treatment for late stage ovarian low malignant potential tumor may be:
- hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and omentectomy. A lymph node dissection may also be performed.
INTEGRATIVE THERAPY
THE SCIENTIFICALLY FORMULATED AMINO ACID THERAPY
(Keep in mind, CAAT is much more than just a “diet”; it is an amino acid, carbohydrate, & glucose REDUCTION protocol which strategically uses the chemical reactions of amino acids, foods, and nutritional supplements to impair the development of cancer cells, thus starving them to death.) Clinical trials have already been done with humans using amino acid depravation formulas, and with much success. (Journal American Medical Association. 1967; 200:211)
CAAT is a course of therapy to control a patient’s amino acid intake. This is achieved by taking certain foods out of a persons’ daily food plan for a short time and by replacing them with a scientifically supported formula of amino acids. It is also important to emphasize that the food plan that accompanies the amino acid formula needs to be followed so not to offset any of the benefits we are creating by depriving the cancer cells the nutrients they need to grow. Also, it is important to realize that the patient does not need to abandon their conventional cancer treatment, (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormone treatments) nor is it recommended that they do so unless it has already failed them. CAAT works synergistically with chemotherapy and/or radiation to enhance their benefits (see study by Dr. Marco Rabinowitz of the National Cancer Institute). His report on amino acid deprivation, such as with Controlled Amino Acid Therapy (CAAT), proven to inhibit phosphofructokinase which shuts down the energy supply to cancer cells, simultaneously enhancing the benefits of chemotherapy while lessening their toxic side effects. CAAT has also proven to work successfully alone.
Phase 1: CAAT Formulation
The most important component of CAAT is the scientifically formulated amino acids. Based on the specific formula for each cancer, it consists of separate amino acids, citric acid, and small amounts of sodium benzoate. Each formula replaces most of the regular daily proteins found in meats, dairy, fish, beans and nuts, which cancer cells can derive their energy from. The CAAT formula taken two times per day will nourish the healthy cells while causing the cancer cells to starve to death. Of course each individual has specific needs concerning their diet, and this is explained in the second phase of the protocol as well as with a specialist at the Institute when beginning the CAAT therapy.
Phase 2: Daily Food Intake
DISCLAIMER: The following food program SHOULD NOT be consumed without the amino acid formula and without consent from your doctor and our Institute.
Breakfast:
*1/2 Grapefruit or 1-orange or 6-ounces of fresh orange juice.
Whey Enhanced Protein (Vanilla Flavor – Vitamin Shoppe Brand) approximately
10 – 12 grams of protein – read label carefully, based on 150
lb. person ].
A serving of Grits (Butter, cinnamon and other spices are okay).
1 cup of green or black tea (Fructose is sweetener of choice).
* Do Not have ½ grapefruit if taking Chemotherapy
Explanation: ½ Grapefruit or 1 orange or 6 ounces of fresh orange juice are rich in the natural nutrients called Limonene and Citric Acid. Limonene helps shut down the Ras cancer gene which is over active in 90 percent of all cancers. Citric Acid helps shut down glycolosis which in turn helps starve cancer cells to death.
Whey Enhanced Protein (Vanilla Flavor – Vitamin Shoppe Brand) Phosphorus
is a nutrient that cancer cells must utilize in order to grow and reproduce.
This brand of whey protein is very low in phosphorous and contains no additional
vitamins, so when using approximately 10 – 12 grams of protein per
150 lb. person, it helps to protect normal cells, maintain a normal appetite,
and also helps to fight edema. (Edema is the swelling or water build up
in the legs or other sites in the body)
Whey protein is included in the daily menu of all advanced or metastatic
cancer patients. When treating cancers that are stable or have regressed
in size, patients then have the option of including other protein foods
at their breakfast meals such as cottage cheese, yogurt, or soy foods. Eggs
are allowed in the diets of patients with lymphoma and brain cancers.
Grits or Cream of Wheat or 1 slice of white toast or ½
plain bagel or ½ English muffin (Butter is okay)
Grits or white rice is the preferred carbohydrate food at each meal. The
other choices are options once the patient’s cancer is stable or reduced
in size. Unrefined carbohydrates are included in the CAAT menu instead of
whole grains to deprive cancer cells of a certain B-complex vitamin called
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B-6). Cancer cells require this vitamin to manufacture
certain amino acids that we keep away from through CAAT’s amino acid
reduction formula and diet.
Grits is the preferred carbohydrate food at all meals instead of rice, corn,
or pasta because it helps deplete Tryptophan in the body, which is essential
for the growth and spreading of cancer cells.
1 cup of green or black tea, using fructose as the sweetener of choice.
These teas are rich sources of several compounds that help shut down glycolosis
and cut off the energy supply to cancer cells. Also, green or regular tea
helps to prevent certain hormones and tumor growth factors from stimulating
cancer cells to grow and metastasize to other parts of the body. Brassica
teas can also be taken because they contain sulphorane, a nutrient that
inhibits cancer growth, and also shuts down the cancer genes.
* Why we use fructose as the sweetener of choice will be explained in detail
at the end of this phase of the CAAT protocol.
Lunch:
Amino acid formula (4 level plastic scoops) mixed with any of the
following: Water & Fructose; Sugar free Kool-Aid; Diet ginger ale; Fresh
lemonade & Fructose; Chicken or Beef broth; V8 juice.
Generous amounts of One cooked vegetable or a combination of the
following: asparagus, broccoli, cabbage, brussell sprouts, spinach, squash,
string beans.
One serving (1/2 cup)of fresh fruit. Choice of: pear, orange, blueberries,
raspberries, strawberries.
1 serving (moderate) of grits or corn or rice or pasta
(Add tomato sauce or butter)
1 tablespoon of coconut oil
8 to 10 black or green olives
2 tablespoons of vinegar (minimum of 5% acidity) add to vegetables or food
1 cup of green or black tea (Fructose as desired)
Explanation:
This Amino Acid Reduction Formula (4 level plastic scoops may vary) combined with the special diet, allows the CAAT Protocol to reduce certain amino acids in the daily diet of the cancer patient, and is designed to replace most of the animal protein in the diet. Cancer cells require the amino acids glycine, serine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid to synthesize DNA, build new blood vessels or duplicate its entire contents of proteins. Also, cancer cells require these and certain other amino acids in order to synthesize other proteins that act as growth promoting hormones or tumor growth factors. CAAT impairs the synthesis of a protein called elastin, which is absolutely essential to the manufacture of new blood vessels. The Amino Acid Reduction Formula, diet, certain phytochemicals and herbs work efficaciously to attack cancer cells at each and every biological front.
The generous amounts of one cooked vegetable or a combination of such helps keep normal cells healthy. They are low in carbohydrates and proteins, and high in phytochemicals, compounds which help fight cancer. Patients are allowed to eat these vegetables and salads whenever desired.
The 8 to 10 olives are rich in squalene and oleic acid, nutrients that have been reported to inhibit certain cancer growth factors. The calories in olives also help control body weight and increases ketones in the blood. Ketones help fight cancer by impairing glycolosis – a process in which cancer cells depend almost exclusively upon for their daily supply of energy. Vinegar (and fructose) are two natural products that increase the production of both ACETIC ACID and CITRIC ACID in the body.
Acetic acid and citric acid also help fight cancer by shutting down the
process of glycolosis.
Normal cells derive most of their daily energy supply from acetic acid and
citric acid, where as cancer cells derive most of their daily energy from
glycolosis.
Dinner:
Amino acid formula (4 plastic level scoops) mixed with any of the
following: Water & fructose; Sugar free Kool–Ade; Diet Ginger
Ale; Fresh lemonade & Fructose; Chicken or Beef broth; V8 Juice.
Generous amounts of One cooked vegetable or a combination of the following:
asparagus, broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts, spinach, squash, string beans.
One serving (1/2 cup) of stewed plums with fresh cream & fructose; use
4-ounces of orange juice if plums are not in season.
Avacado salad with lettuce, tomatoes, celery, onions, with lemon juice and
coconut oil or olive oil.
2 tablespoons of vinegar (minimum of 5% acidity) add to vegetables or food.
1 serving of grits or corn or pasta or rice (Add garlic
and butter or tomato sauce)
1 cup of green or black tea (Fructose as desired)
Mid Evening Snack: Ketogenic Cocktail – 2 ounces of fresh
cream, ½ ounce each of both coconut & olive oil, 1 tablespoon
of Fructose.
Sugar free Jell-O with whipped cream & Fructose or 1 plum or 4 ounces
of orange juice.
Explanation: The sugar free jell-o helps to appease the appetite. Plums contain quinlic acid, which is converted into benzoic acid in the body and which in turn helps to deplete the availability of the amino acid Glycine (Glycine is essential to the synthesis of DNA for cancer cells) and the proteins that cancer cells require to build new blood vessels and their tumor growth factors. If underweight take two ounces of light cream and one ounce of olive oil/coconut oil as needed to maintain weight.
Optional Meal:
3 to 4 ounces of Veal, Fish of choice, Beef, Chicken breast, and 1-slice of white bread.
Consume this meal with a minimum of 3 hours before or after taking the amino acids.
Explanation: If the patient is 10 or more pounds underweight or if their albumin levels are below normal is when the optional meal is allowed. This meal should be eaten a minimum of 3 hours before or after taking the amino acids. CAAT provides sufficient protein to maintain the health of normal cells and adequate amounts of calories to maintain desired body weight. Any proteins taken in excess of amounts recommended in the diet will counter act the benefits of the CAAT protocol.
Special Diets: A special diet will be created for any cancer patient whose ability to consume food and liquids has placed them in a critical situation. When a patient is using a feeding apparatus, or they have become too weak or lethargic to eat and drink the daily minimum amount for survival, we will break up the total breakfast, lunch, and dinner over a period of every 2 hours during the entire day until the patient is capable of returning to a daily diet as outlined above.
Carbohydrate and glucose reduction in this diet: CAAT’S dietary menu provides approximately 20 percent of its calories in the form of carbohydrates. Calories need not be a focal point or counted daily. It is recommended that all patients combat their cancers by keeping their body weight at normal or slightly below normal levels. A patient’s desired body weight is regulated by their rate of metabolism, which in turn is regulated by their blood levels of thyroxine, cortisone, insulin, and the amounts of fats and oils in the diet. Studies with human cancer patients and laboratory animals show that reducing the calories of carbohydrates (glucose) in their daily diet by only 10 percent reduced the size of cancerous tumors. When carbohydrate (glucose) calories were reduced 40 percent, the cancers disappeared. It is recommended that those patients who are obese gradually and systematically lose their excess weight to increase the efficiency of the CAAT protocol. Those patients who are underweight shoudn’t gain weight unless they are more than 10 pounds below normal levels. When a patient is underweight due to anorexia or cachexia, such illnesses must be addressed before the CAAT protocol can begin.
Why we use Fructose and Vinegar to treat cancer:
Nobel Prize winner Dr. Otto Warburg discovered more than 50 years ago that all cancer cells produce inordinate amount of lactic acid but he couldn’t explain why.
In 2001 our Institute published the first study to show that cancer cells produce excess amounts of lactic acid because they could not access the oxygen in compartments in the cells called the mitochondria. This provided evidence that cancer cells depend almost exclusively upon glycolosis or the metabolism of glucose as their major source of energy.
Dr. Spitz and Dr. Lee with other cancer researchers published studies showing that when cancer cells are deprived glucose, their energy supply is cut off which causes these cancer cells to commit suicide.
Therefore shutting down glycolosis would be one means of destroying cancer cells because energy can only be derived from glucose through the metabolic process called glycolosis.
Recently our Cancer Institute discovered that both acetic acid and citric acid could inhibit the activity of a key enzyme in glycolosis called phosphofructokinase, which in turn shuts down the process of glycolosis. Our cancer Institute is the first to introduce both fructose and vinegar as treatments for cancer because they either contain or produce acetic acid.
In conclusion, fructose and vinegar are added as supplements to the CAAT protocol because of their acetic acid properties that help shut down glycolosis, shutting off cancer cells energy supply and causing them to die off.
Phase 3: Nutritional Supplements
Nutritional supplements are based on each unique situation. For example, slow-growing cancers produce low levels of toxic free radicals. Tumor cells that grow aggressively produce large amounts of toxic free radicals. The patient will be instructed whether or not to take anti-oxidants (in a nutritional supplement), and at what dosage, according to the levels of toxic free radicals produced in the cancerous cells.
An example of how nutritional supplements can help manipulate cancer cells involves vitamin B-6 (pyroxidine) There are four amino acids essential to the synthesis of DNA. However, those amino acids cannot be synthesized without a certain enzyme, which includes vitamin B-6 among other components. Any supplement containing vitamin B-6 SHOULD NOT be taken during the first 2 months of the CAAT protocol.
The patient will be instructed as to which nutritional supplements or phytochemicals should be purchased and at what dosage strength. Keep in mind that each supplement only complements the CAAT protocol. However, when they are combined they augment the therapeutic benefits of the aminoacid, carbohydrate, and glucose reduction diet.
Parsley: Contains ingredients that can help shut down certain enzymes called Epithelial Growth Factors, which stimulate the growth and spread of cancer. ( CAAT’S amino acid reduction diet works in the same manner )
Vitamin D: Helps activate in many kinds of cancers enzymes called Phosphotases, which literally shut down the activities of other enzymes called Kinases, which are essential to the growth and reproduction of cancer cells.
Green Tea Extract: Phytochemicals in tea help shut down glycolosis (cancer cell’s main supplier of energy) and thereby help to starve cancer cells to death. These effects help complement the effects of CAAT’S carbohydrate reduction.
Anti-Oxidants: The controversy as to whether or not to treat cancer with anti-oxidants is slowly resolving with the current understanding of how they affect the activity of genes and enzymes in cancer cells. The prevailing data shows that the benefits or lack of benefits depend upon the oxidative state the cancer cells are in. Anti-oxidants taken when the cells are in a very high oxidative state may prevent cancer cells from entering apoptosis ( apoptosis is when a cancer cell commits suicide) When oxidative stress in cancer cells is only slightly above normal, anti-oxidants are then expected to stop their growth and reproduction.
Blood Chemistry: Blood tests are usually taken every 6 to 8 weeks, depending upon the results of each test. Not only is it important to monitor the tumor markers but equally important to keep abreast of the overall health of normal tissues and organs. For example, it is important to learn of the health of the kidneys and liver, whether the body is producing sufficient red and white blood cells, etc. Low albumin levels most often indicate insufficient intake of proteins in the diet and this problem would have to be addressed. CAAT is designed to attack cancer but keep the normal cells and tissues functioning harmoniously.
Whey Protein: This protein food is recommended at the breakfast meal to help meet the daily needs of amino acids for the normal cells of the body, and to help keep albumin levels normal and to help prevent edema. We recommend Whey protein purchased from the Vitamin Shoppe because it is the only brand that we have seen with no phosphorous or additional vitamins added to it.
Grits: Grits are also recommended at the breakfast meal in place of whole grains because it is low in vitamin B-6. Cancer cells require B-6 to manufacture the amino acid Glycine, which is required for DNA synthesis. Grits, instead of whole grains, therefore helps prevent cancer cells from manufacturing DNA and building new blood vessels.
Calcium D-Glucurate: This phytochemical helps the body to retain a compound called Glucuronic acid. This is necessary to eliminate both estrogen and testosterone from the body. This is why Calcium D-Glucurate is added to the regiments of patients with breast & prostate cancers. Calcium D-Glucurate is not to be confused with calcium carbonate, which is nothing more than a calcium supplement.
D-Limonene: This phytochemical found mostly in citrus fruits blocks the process called Isoprenylation, which is necessary for tumor growth factors such as the RAS gene, Epithelial Growth factor, Tyrosine Kinase, and Insulin-Like-Growth-factor, to send their signals into the nucleus of a cancer cell and directs them to grow and divide into more cancer cells.
Tocotrienols: This member of the Vitamin E family also helps shut down Isoprenylation and assists D-Limonene in blocking the actions of the various tumor growth factors. More specifically, tocotrienols shut down an enzyme called HMG-2, which is essential to the synthesis of the building blocks that form the Isoprenylation process.
Niacin: This B-Complex vitamin works with D-limonene and the Tocotrienols to shut down the process of Isoprenylation, which as mentioned above prevents the cancer promoting RAS genes from sending signals into the nucleus of the cell. Niacin also helps deplete thee amino acid Glycine, which cancer cells need to synthesize DNA. And by reducing cholesterole in the body, Niacin helps lower the production of estrogen and testosterone.
Choline: This B-complex vitamin is included in our supplement list to help the liver metabolize Niacin and other compounds and to help fight fatigue that accompanies most forms of cancer.
Selenium: Numerous studies show that this mineral can interfere with the activity of certain genes that promote the growth of cancer and to induce cancer cells to commit suicide (apoptosis)
Perilla Oil: This oil is rich in Alpha Linolenic Acid which can inhibit the growth of cancer cells in several ways. One way is to inhibit the synthesis in the body of a tumor growth promotin hormone called Prostaglandin-2, also, Alpha Linolenic Acid inhibits the actions of certain genes that promote the growth of cancer cells. Linolenic acid is not to be confused with linoleic acid, which is a bad fat that stimulates the growth of cancer cells. This bad fat, linoleic acid, is found in all vegetable oils and nuts (With the exception of coconut oil). Olive oil has the least amount of this bad fat.
Super Miraforte: This herb impairs the synthesis of estrogen from
testosterone in the body and is included in the regiments of women with
breast cancer.
Licorice Root Extract & Pantothenic Acid: This herb and vitamin are
added to the regiment when it is desirable to produce steroid like actions
in the body. Also used to help patient’s gain weight and to inhibit
the growth of lymphomas and leukemia’s.
Resveratrol: This phytochemical blocks the actions of a number of a number of cancer promoting genes thereby causing cancer cells to enter into apoptosis (cell death) and is included in the treatment of all cancers.
Indole-3 Carbinol & D.I.M.: These two phytochemicals block the actions of both estrogen and testosterone and are included in the regiments of both breast and prostate gland cancer.
Melatonin: Numerous studies show that this hormone blocks the synthesis of the cancer promoting chemicals in the body called Leukotrienes, and is included in the treatment of all cancers.
Artho Pro System: This combination of herbs and phytochemicals inhibits the synthesis of the cancer promoting hormone called Prostaglandin-2 and the Leukotriens and replaces the drug celebrex when liver problems are present. The Prostaglandin hormone is over active in most cancers and stimulates cancer growth. The body manufactures the Prostaglandin hormone from the bad fat, Linoleic acid, mentioned above.
Licorice Root Extract & Pantothenic Acid: This HERB and
VITAMIN are added to the regiment when it is desirable to produce
steroid like actions in the body. Used also to help patients gain weight
and ti inhibit the growth of Lymphomas and Leukemias.
CAAT is designed to attack cancer, while keeping normal cells and tissues functioning harmoniously.
* When considering any type of complementary cancer treatment or alternative cancer treatment, always consult with your physician first, as possible interactions could reduce your regimen’s efficacy.
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